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History: We present a 15-year-old right hand dominant high school swimmer with no significant past medical history, who complains of right elbow pain along the distal biceps' tendon for a 2 months. Pain was insidious in onset, sharp, intermittent, and described as a 0 to 6 out of 10. The patient has been swimming more frequently over the last few months to prepare for competition and noticed progressive pain with swimming. He went on vacation and then was diagnosed with a COVID-19 infection and took an additional 2 weeks off due to fatigue. He returned to sport without re-integration and increased his swimming intensity to 1 to 2 hours daily, which worsened his pain. Performing the butterfly and breaststroke provoke symptoms and cessation of activity reduces the pain. Denies pain at rest. He took Advil which did not reduce his pain. Denies acute trauma, prior injuries, or paresthesias. Physical Exam: Inspection of right elbow: no swelling or signs of discoloration. Palpation: Tenderness at the distal biceps tendon but can hook the tendon without pain. No shoulder or wrist tenderness. Active Range of Motion: Elbow extension 0 degrees, elbow flexion 130 degrees, supination and pronation normal. Normal shoulder and wrist ROM. Muscle strength: 5/5 grip, wrist extension, and wrist flexion. Pain elicited with resisted elbow flexion at the distal humerus. Maneuvers: pain with distal humerus squeeze. Negative Maudsley and negative Cozen test. Differential Diagnosis: 36. Distal Biceps Tendonitis/Tear 37. Stress Reaction of the Distal Humerus 38. Medial Epicondyle Apophysitis 39. Capitellar Osteochondritis Dissecans 40. Radiocapitellar Plica Syndrome Test Results: x-ray right elbow: AP and Lateral views indicate no abnormalities to the bones, alignment, or soft tissue structures. MRI right elbow No IVCON: Biceps tendon intact. There is periosteal edema and endosteal aspect marrow edema along the medial aspect of the distal diaphysis and metaphysis of the humerus. Several small foci of increased cortical signal. No fractures, joint effusion, or chondral defects. Findings comparable to Fredrickson grade 4a distal humerus diametaphysis stress injury. Final Diagnosis: Right Elbow Supracondylar Grade 4a Stress Reaction. Discussion(s): Actives that involve repetitive motion are susceptible to overuse injuries. Cases of upper extremity stress reactions in swimmers have been documented along the inferior angle of the scapula, upper ribs, and olecranon. Stress reactions along the distal humerus in swimmers is not well documented. This pathology has been seen in baseball players, cricket bowlers, and tennis players. In swimming, the butterfly technique requires significant endurance and athletic strength. During a sprint, fast synchronized upper extremity revolutions occurring up to 60 cycles perminute counterforcewater surface area friction leading to excessive loading forces even at 50 meter distances. Outcome(s): The patient was withheld from upper body work outs and swimming for 6 weeks. VitaminDand Calcium levels were drawn revealing a normal calcium level (10.2), but a vitamin D level of 28.1. Patient was started on 600 IU of Vitamin D and 1300 mg of Calcium daily. The patient started a return to swim program and returned to full competition at 7 months post presentation. Follow-Up: At 6 weeks, started an upper extremity low impact non-aquatic physical therapy program. Then a slow progressive return to swimming was initiated at 50% effort for 4 weeks. At 10 weeks, a return to sport plan including 200 m all strokes except butterfly, progressed to 250 m at week 2, 300 m at week 3, and 350 m at week 4. Finally, initiated speed work in =0 to 100 m increments and elbow loading workouts.
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This book provides healthcare professionals in Critical Care setting an easy consultation guide to fight against COVID-19. The book is divided into sections: Fundamentals of COVID-19, Pneumological critical care, Neurological manifestations, Cardiovascular manifestations, Renal manifestations, Haemostasis and coagulation, Other multi-organs involvement, Principles of therapy. Each section includes: · brief pathophysiology of COVID-19 (ventilation, neurological, cardiovascular, etc.);· principles of management (enriched with flowcharts and figures);· principles of therapy;· tips and key messages. Readers can find the most updated advices on how to face the ongoing pandemic: from principles of conventional oxygen therapy, assisted and invasive mechanical ventilation in critically ill COVID-19 patients to the complications sometimes underestimated. Tables and flowcharts provided are based on current knowledge in COVID-19 to help the clinician managing COVID-19 patients by a multiple-organs prospective. Written by international key opinion leaders of each field, the book represents a point of reference for all professionals involved in the management of COVID-19 pandemic. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.
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Background: Critically ill patients intubated in the intensive care unit experience prolonged intubation leading to increased frequency of laryngeal injuries. This study aimed to demonstrate a suspected increase in vocal fold injury in patients who were intubated with COVID-19 as compared with patients intubated for other reasons. Methods: A retrospective review of medical records was performed to identify patients examined using flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing exams. The study included 25 patients with COVID-19 and 27 without COVID-19 at Baylor Scott & White Medical Center in Temple, Texas. Various injuries were evaluated, ranging from granulation tissue to vocal cord paralysis. Severe lesions were those causing clinically significant airway obstruction or requiring operative intervention. The incidence of laryngeal injury in patients intubated for COVID-19 was then compared with that of patients intubated for other reasons. Results: The increased presence of severe injury in COVID-positive patients appeared clinically significant but was not statistically significant (P = 0.06). Interestingly, patients who received pronation therapy had 4.6 times the odds of more severe injury compared with patients who did not (P = 0.009). Conclusion: Lower thresholds for performing flexible laryngoscopy on postintubated patients who are proned may allow for earlier intervention and reduce morbidity in an already at-risk population.
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AIM: To present the pooled estimated prevalence of adverse events in pronated intubated adult COVID-19 patients. DESIGN: A systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: This study used the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Embase, LILACS, Livivo, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases as data sources. METHODS: The studies were meta-analysed using JAMOVI 1.6.15 software. A random-effects model was used to identify the global prevalence of adverse events, confidence intervals and the heterogeneity data. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool, and the certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. RESULTS: Of the 7904 studies identified, 169 were included for full reading, and 10 were included in the review. The most prevalent adverse events were pressure injuries (59%), haemodynamic instability (23%), death (17%) and device loss or traction (9%). CONCLUSION: The most prevalent adverse events in mechanically ventilated pronated patients with COVID-19 are pressure injuries, presence of haemodynamic instability, death and device loss or traction. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PATIENT CARE: The evidence identified in this review can help improve the quality and safety of patient care by helping to design care protocols to avoid the development of adverse events that can cause permanent sequelae in these patients. IMPACT: This systematic review addressed the adverse events related to prone position in intubated adult COVID-19 patients. We identified that the most prevalent adverse events in these patients were pressure injuries, haemodynamic instability, device loss or traction and death. The results of this review may influence the clinical practice of nurses who work in intensive care units and, consequently, the nursing care provided not only to COVID-19 patients but for all intubated patients due to other reasons in intensive care units. REPORTING METHOD: This systematic review adhered to the PRISMA reporting guideline. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: As this is a systematic review, we analysed data from primary studies conducted by many researchers. Thus, there was no patient or public contribution in this review.
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Introduction: Prone ventilation has been a a tool that has been shown to improve oxygenation and ventilatory mechanics in patients with Down syndrome acute respiratory distress (ARDS). Although be a technique that has been performed for decades in the field of intensive care has been with the pandemic generated by COVID-19 when it has returned to be in the spotlight. However, the lack of standardized protocols make it difficultestablish when ventilation should be performed in the prone position, so this little review tries to outline some indications of when it should be done. Methodology: Two recent meta-analyses have been reviewed. about the effects of prone ventilation based on randomized controlled clinical trials of ventilation in the prone position. Result(s): The results of the meta-analyses show that there are certain circumstances which must be given to maximize the beneficial effect of pronation and that it has a beneficial effect on survival of patients with ARDS. First of all, when separated the groups according to whether they had performed lung-protective ventilation or not, the OR of the group prone was 0.58 (95% CI 0.38-0.87) and 0.70 (95% CI 0.47-1.04), so prone ventilation does achieve a decrease in mortality when it is associated with lung-protective ventilation. Another variable that observed in this meta-analysis was the length of time prone, since when this was greater than 12 hours a day the OR of the prone group in terms of mortality vs. supine was 0.60 (95% CI 0.43-0.83) and 0.74 (95% CI 0.56-0.99). When the time was less than 12 hours these beneficial effects on mortality are they dissipated Thirdly, the "timing" was also studied. Of pronation since when it was established in the first 48 hours after ARDS diagnosis, the OR was 0.49 (95% CI 0.35-0.68), beneficial effect that was lost when it started after the first 48 hours. Finally, the severity of ARDS was also assessed (measured in PaFi), observing that patients with severe ARDS (PaFi < 100) achieved a decrease in mortality with an OR of 0.51 (95% CI 0.36-0.72), and this effect the benefit was not achieved in moderate ARDS (PaFi 100-200). The second meta-analysis shows results similar, although this compares the mortality of Moderate-severe ARDS (PaFi <200) with the rest of ARDS, obtaining a reduction in mortality With an OR 0.74 (95% CI 0.56-0.99) Conclusion(s): Prone ventilation can have effects beneficial in the survival of patients with ARDS and it is important to know what conditions you should to have to achieve this effect. If we rely on the results of the latest meta-analyses, it should be recommended its use in patients with moderate-severe ARDS (PaFi < 200), associated with low tidal volumes (ventilation of lung protection with VC < 8cc/kg of ideal weight), for more than 12 hours a day and establishing it in the first 48 hours from the diagnosis of ARDS.Copyright © 2022
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The need for mechanical ventilation increased rapidly, in line with the surge in COVID-19 cases. Giving the prone position is one form of Evidence-Based Nursing practice and has proven beneficial for patients with respiratory distress due to COVID-19 infection. This study aims to present that pronation is an effort to prevent COVID-19 patients with mild to moderate symptoms from falling into severe conditions. We report two cases of COVID-19 patients with moderate symptoms who are not intubated. Pronation is carried out in 9 to 15 days, either using Non-Invasive Ventilation or High Flow Nasal Cannula. By implementing the pronation, the need for oxygen fraction can be weaned, and hemodynamic parameters stabilize. The provision of pronation in COVID-19 cases is considered to reduce the high number of needs for mechanical ventilation in the COVID-19 pandemic. © 2022 UPM Press. All rights reserved.
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SESSION TITLE: ECMO and ARDS in COVID-19 Infections SESSION TYPE: Rapid Fire Original Inv PRESENTED ON: 10/17/2022 12:15 pm - 1:15 pm PURPOSE: COVID-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. PaO2/Fio2 (PFR) is a prognostic and severity marker for ARDS. Other markers have been posited for ARDS. PEEP Index (PIx) [PEEP/PFR] or [(PEEP*Fio2)/PaO2] could serve as a new discriminatory marker to assess rescue therapies such as proning or ECMO referral. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of all intubated COVID-19 patients with ARDS hospitalized at our institution between February 5th – May 11th, 2020. ARDS were calculated within first 24 hours of worst PaO2/FIO2 and their associated PEEP with bilateral infiltrates on Chest X-ray manually confirmed within 24hours of intubation fulfilling 2012 Berlin criteria. Outcomes of interest were all-cause in-hospital mortality, need for pronation and paralysis use. Binomial logistic regression with ROC curve were performed for univariate association for outcomes of interest. Cox proportional hazard regression modeling was performed and adjusted for potential confounders. PFR was transformed into a denominator of itself to reflect a direct proportional relationship. RESULTS: Data was analyzed from 113 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with identified ARDS. Mean age was 56.4 (STD 14.4);24% (27/113) were female. Median BMI was 30.3 [IQR 48.5,65.5]. Mean Tidal Volume (Vt) was 430 (STD 54). 64% (72/113) were compliant with low Vt (=<6mL/kg based on IBW). Median PFR 125 [IQR 99,192]. Mortality was 66% (74/113). 44% (50/113) were proned. 62% (70/113) required paralysis. PEEP Index outperformed PFR for discrimination for proning use: AUC 0.73 [95%CI 0.63,0.82], p< 0.005;vs AUC 0.674 [95%CI 0.58,0.77], p= 0.02. PEEP Index performed mildy better than PFR for discrimination of requiring paralytic use in ARDS with AUC 0.68 [95% 0.57,0.78], p< 0.05;vs AUC 0.62 [95%CI 0.51,0.73], p<0.05. APACHE2 score showed poor discrimination for both proning and paralytic use (AUC= 0.46 [95%CI 0.35,0.56];p=0.43 and respectively, AUC=0.45 [95%CI 0.34,0.56];p=0.36). After adjusting for confounders, PEEP Index nor PFR didn’t for predict for mortality (p>0.05);however, our sample was not powered. CONCLUSIONS: PEEP Index (PIx) is a novel tool that can serve as a better discriminatory function to evaluate patients with ARDS in the ICU who will require proning in comparison to traditional used PFR. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: PEEP Index (PIx) can serve as an easy alternative calculation to Oxygenation Index (OI) [(FiO2 x PAW) / PaO2] to identify patients that would benefit from early proning and other rescue therapies. Further studies are required to compare and validate PIx and OI prospectively as well as benefit cut-off points between proning and ECMO. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Perminder Gulani No relevant relationships by Manuel Hache Marliere no disclosure on file for Adarsh Katamreddy;No relevant relationships by Hyomin Lim No relevant relationships by Marzio Napolitano No relevant relationships by Leonidas Palaiodimos No relevant relationships by Anika Sasidharan Nair No relevant relationships by Jee Young You
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SESSION TITLE: Disseminated Bacterial Infections SESSION TYPE: Rapid Fire Case Reports PRESENTED ON: 10/18/2022 10:15 am - 11:10 am INTRODUCTION: Tularemia is a rare infectious disease caused by Francisella Tularensis that typically affects the skin, eyes, lymph nodes, and lungs. There are a variety of forms of tularemia with varying rates of contagiousness and mortality. Respiratory tularemia has a high mortality rate if left untreated and presents with non-specific viral like symptoms occurring in conjunction with respiratory symptoms: cough, hemoptysis, and pleuritic chest pain. In this COVID ARDS era, it is important to evaluate a broad differential diagnosis. Therefore, the authors describe a patient presenting with flu-like respiratory symptoms whom was ultimately was diagnosed with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to F. Tulerensis. CASE PRESENTATION: A 44-year-old male presented with a four-day history of night sweats, shortness of breath, a productive cough which progressed to hemoptysis, and oliguria. Prior to admission, his initial symptoms were treated as chronic sinusitis with varied antibiotics. Social history including tobacco abuse and deer hunting 1 month prior to presentation. Vitals were stable except for tachycardia, hypoxia, and tachypnea. Laboratory findings were significant for AKI, lactic acidosis, mild transaminitis, hyperbilirubinemia, and leukocytosis with predominant neutrophilia. Thoracic CTA showed bilateral diffused pulmonary edema without evidence of pulmonary embolism. Due to the patient's worsening respiratory status, he was intubated for support. The patient progressed to Severe ARDS per Berlin Criteria eventually requiring pronation and continuous paralyzing. Bronchoscopy was performed with bronchial lavage. Bacterial, viral, and fungal cultures did not show growth while vasculitic work-up was negative. Empiric antibiotic treatment did not show improvement until the patient was diagnosed with F. Taularensis via serological testing with an IgM of 20 U/mL, and patient was transitioned to gentamycin. Ultimately, the patient was extubated, transitioned to oral doxycycline, and discharged home. DISCUSSION: Approximately 250 cases of tularemia are reported to CDC each year. Respiratory tularemia has a mortality rate up to 30% if not treated. For this reason, F. tularensis is a potential biological weapon and is categorized as a Group A pathogenic agent. Serological testing may be negative early in disease progression;therefore, early inflammatory markers with clinical suspicion are essential to diagnose the disease early in its course. DNA microarray has high specificity and sensitivity for rapid diagnosis of tularemia while being cost effective. After prompt diagnosis, intravenous aminoglycosides;such as gentamycin or streptomycin;must be started. CONCLUSIONS: In the above case, we illustrate the gradual onset and rapid patient deterioration when treatment is delayed;yet, there is rapid recovery once appropriate treatment is used. Reference #1: 1. Ranjbar, Reza, Payam Behzadi, and Caterina Mammina. "Respiratory tularemia: Francisella tularensis and microarray probe designing.” The open microbiology journal 10 (2016): 176. Reference #2: 2. Akhvlediani, N., I. Burjanadze, D. Baliashvili, T. Tushishvili, M. Broladze, A. Navdarashvili, S. Dolbadze et al. "Tularemia transmission to humans: a multifaceted surveillance approach.” Epidemiology & Infection 146, no. 16 (2018): 2139-2145. Reference #3: 3. Tularemia in British Columbia: A case report and review. Issue: BCMJ, vol. 52, No. 6, July August 2010 (Pages 303- 307). Megan Isaac-Renton, BSc, Muhammad Morshed, PhD, SCCM Eleni Galanis, MD, MPH, FRCPC Sunny Mak, MSc Vicente Loyola, MD, FRCPC, Linda M.N. Hoang, MD, MHSc, FRCPC DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Munish Adhikari No relevant relationships by Ashma Ul Husna No relevant relationships by Yan Jiang No relevant relationships by Divya Kharel No relevant relationships by Gregory Polcha
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SESSION TITLE: Critical Care in Chest Infections Case Report Posters 1 SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/17/2022 12:15 pm - 01:15 pm INTRODUCTION: The "common cold” is a syndrome defined by upper respiratory symptoms in addition to: rhinorrhea, fever, chills, headache, and/or malaise. Classically "colds” are thought of as a mild, self-limiting disease;however, they can cause severe respiratory symptoms in immunocompetent individuals. We present a case of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by the Human Rhinovirus in an immunocompetent host. CASE PRESENTATION: 61-year-old gentleman with a past medical history significant for hypertension presented to an outside hospital for worsening shortness of breath, fatigue, and cough with production x 3 weeks. Social history is notable that he had a 12-pack-year history and quit smoking tobacco approximately 10 years ago. On arrival, the patient was noted to be hypoxic with percent saturation of 88% on 2 L nasal cannula. He rapidly deteriorated and required intubation 5 days after admission. The patient subsequently transferred to a tertiary care intensive care unit for further workup and management. Upon arrival at the tertiary care center, he was found to have a PaO2/FiO2 ratio of 71 and ARDS protocol was initiated. Despite pronation, paralyzation, dexamethasone, and nitric oxide, the patient continued to deteriorate. Three COVID-19 PCR's and COVID-19 antibody resulted negative. Extensive work-up including fungal, autoimmune, viral, and bacterial were negative with the exception of a positive rhinovirus PCR. MRI brain was completed due to patient's unequal pupils which demonstrated numerous recent infarcts of the bilateral cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres with mass-effect with mild leftward shift. The family ultimately decided to pursue comfort measures and the patient died. DISCUSSION: Human Rhinovirus is responsible for ? to ½ of common colds in adults making it the most common cause of "colds.” Due to its more than 100 serotypes, an average adult has approximately 2-3 Rhinovirus infections per year. Rhinovirus infections are classically thought to be self-resolving and mild, particularly in the immunocompetent. However, several recent studies have shown coinfection of the rhinovirus in patients with community acquired pneumonia;although these studies have been unable to tease out how clinically significant the rhinovirus infection was in these patients. The patient case above is an example that the Rhinovirus may be a more important culprit in community-acquired pneumonia than previously suspected. In addition to its possible respiratory conditions, studies have demonstrated an increase in risk of stroke. Currently, there are no FDA-approved antivirals for the Human Rhinovirus, treatment largely aimed to reduce symptomatology. CONCLUSIONS: The medical community, in large, thinks of the Rhinovirus as a relatively benign disease process. Though this may be the case in most patients, even immunocompetent individuals can suffer from serious complications of the virus. Reference #1: Chu HY;Englund JA;Strelitz B;Lacombe K;Jones C;Follmer K;Martin EK;Bradford M;Qin X;Kuypers J;Klein EJ;"Rhinovirus Disease in Children Seeking Care in a Tertiary Pediatric Emergency Department.” Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26908489/. Reference #2: JO;, Proud D;Naclerio RM;Gwaltney JM;Hendley. "Kinins Are Generated in Nasal Secretions during Natural Rhinovirus Colds.” The Journal of Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2295843/. Reference #3: Subramanian, A., et al. "Stroke Following Positive Biomarker for Viral Respiratory Illnesses.” B47. CRITICAL CARE: NON-PULMONARY CRITICAL CARE, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetings.a3566. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Philip Forys No relevant relationships by Brandon Pearce
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This patient was a 73-year-old man who initially came to our service with acute respiratory failure secondary to COVID-19. Soon after hospitalization, he was submitted to orotracheal intubation and placed in the prone position to improve hypoxia, due to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). On the third day of hospitalization, he developed acute oliguric kidney injury and volume overload. The nephrology service was activated to obtain deep venous access for renal replacement therapy (RRT). The patient could not be placed in the supine position due to significant hypoxemia. A 50-cm Permcath (MAHURKARTM, Covidien, Massachusetts, USA) was inserted through the left popliteal vein. This case report describes a possible challenging scenario that the interventional nephrologist may encounter when dealing with patients with COVID-19 with respiratory impairment in the prone position.
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Objective: to describe the knowledge and practice of nursing workers providing intensive care to COVID-19 patients in prone position. Method: descriptive and qualitative study addressing the nursing staff of an intensive care unit (ICU) from a public hospital located in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Results: knowledge was grouped into three thematic categories: Nursing care provided before placing a patient in the prone position;Nursing procedures while patients are in the prone position;and Nursing care after patients return to the supine position. Conclusion: the knowledge and practices of nursing professionals concerning the care provided to COVID-19 patients while in the prone position indicate that workers focus on preventing complications and ensuring the patients' wellbeing, recovery, and improved quality of life during hospitalization. © 2022. Online Brazilian Journal of Nursing. All Rights Reserved.
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Objective: This retrospective and prospective cohort study was designed to describe the characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) admitted to subintensive care units (SICU) and to identify the variables associated with outcomes. SICUs have been extremely stressed during the pandemic, but most data regarding critically ill COVID-19 patients come from intensive care units (ICUs). Studies about COVID-19 patients in SICUs are lacking. Setting and participants: The study included 88 COVID-19 patients admitted to our SICU in Cuneo, Italy, between March and May 2020. Measurements: Clinical and ventilatory data were collected, and patients were divided by outcome. Multivariable logistic regression analysis examined the variables associated with negative outcomes (transfer to the ICU, palliation, or death in a SICU). Results: A total of 60 patients (68%) had a positive outcome, and 28 patients (32%) had a negative outcome;69 patients (78%) underwent continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Pronation (n=37 [42%]) had been more frequently adopted in patients who had a positive outcome vs a negative outcome (n=30 [50%] vs n=7 [25%];P=.048), and the median (interquartile range) Pao2/Fio2 ratio after 6 hours of prone positioning was lower in patients who had a negative outcome vs a positive outcome (144 [140-168] vs 249 [195-268], P=.006). Independent predictors of a negative outcome were diabetes (odds ratio [OR], 8.22;95% CI, 1.50-44.70;P=.015), higher D-dimer (OR, 1.28;95% CI, 1.04-1.57;P=.019), higher lactate dehydrogenase level (OR, 1.003;95% CI, 1.000-1.006;P=.039), and lower lymphocytes count (OR, 0.996;95% CI, 0.993-0.999;P=.004). Conclusion: SICUs have a fundamental role in the treatment of critically ill patients with COVID-19, who require long-term CPAP and pronation cycles. Diabetes, lymphopenia, and high D-dimer and LDH levels are associated with negative outcomes.
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In March 2020, the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. Patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection can develop coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the most concerning complication of which is acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit (ICU) admission. In this context prone position ventilation is an established method to improve oxygenation in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and its application was able to reduce mortality rate. Prone position has been used since the 1970s to treat severe hypoxemia in patients with ARDS because of its effectiveness at improving gas exchange. Compared with the supine position, placing patients in prone position effects a more even tidal volume distribution, in part, by reversing the vertical pleural pressure gradient, which becomes more negative in the dorsal regions. Prone position also improves resting lung volume in the dorsocaudal regions by reducing the superimposed pressure of both the heart and the abdomen. In contrast, pulmonary perfusion remains preferentially distributed to the dorsal lung regions, thus improving overall alveolar ventilation/perfusion relationships. Moreover, the larger tissue mass suspended from a wider dorsal chest wall effects a more homogeneous distribution of pleural pressures throughout the lung that reduces abnormal strain and stress development. This is believed to ameliorate the severity or development of ventilator-induced lung injury and may partly explain why prone position reduces mortality in severe ARDS. In this review we investigate the physiological aspects of the pronation. © 2022 Journal of Innovation Management. All rights reserved.
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Patients affected by COVID-19 can benefit from rehabilitation intervention that must be cali-brated according to the severity of the disease: it can therefore vary from pronation and early mobilization maneuvers for patients admitted to intensive care, to re-training programs and exercise after remission;in case of difficulty in managing secretions, rehabilitation intervention can be combined with bronchial clearance interventions.
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OBJECTIVE: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is an important therapeutic tool in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) since it improves oxygenation, reduces respiratory rate and can prevent intubation and intensive care unit (ICU) admission. CPAP during pronation has seldom been described and never during sedation. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: High dependency unit of San Carlo University Hospital (Potenza, Italy). PATIENTS: Eleven consecutive patients with COVID-19 ARDS. INTERVENTION: Helmet CPAP in prone position after failing a CPAP trial in the supine position. MAIN VARIABLE OF INTEREST: Data collection at baseline and then after 24, 48 and 72h of pronation. We measured PaO2/FIO2, pH, lactate, PaCO2, SpO2, respiratory rate and the status of the patients at 28-day follow up. RESULTS: Patients were treated with helmet CPAP for a mean±SD of 7±2.7 days. Prone positioning was feasible in all patients, but in 7 of them dexmedetomidine improved comfort. PaO2/FIO2 improved from 107.5±20.8 before starting pronation to 244.4±106.2 after 72h (p<.001). We also observed a significantly increase in Sp02 from 90.6±2.3 to 96±3.1 (p<.001) and a decrease in respiratory rate from 27.6±4.3 to 20.1±4.7 (p=.004). No difference was observed in PaCO2 or pH. At 28 days two patients died after ICU admission, one was discharged in the main ward after ICU admission and eight were discharged home after being successfully managed outside the ICU. CONCLUSIONS: Helmet CPAP during pronation was feasible and safe in COVID-19 ARDS managed outside the ICU and sedation with dexmedetomidine safely improved comfort. We recorded an increase in PaO2/FIO2, SpO2 and a reduction in respiratory rate.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Respiratory Distress Syndrome , Continuous Positive Airway Pressure , Humans , Intensive Care Units , Pronation , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/therapy , SARS-CoV-2 , WakefulnessABSTRACT
The use of renal replacement therapies in patients with SARS-COV2 infection accounts for up to 20% of patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Therefore, for an adequate dialysis therapy, the placement of an adequate catheter is imperative. In patients who develop a severe SIRA, the American and European guidelines recommend the prone position to improve pulmonary ventilation, so the placement of an catheter, becomes a great challenge, the use of technology such as ultrasound, helps reduce complications, however, when it is not available, the importance of an anatomical knowledge is vital for success. A 62-year-old male, with non-productive cough, asthenia, adynamia, adding, increasing dyspnea, even meriting ventilator mechanical support, with high ventilatory parameters, Therefore, as an added therapeutic measure, the patient was pronated, presenting ventilatory improvement. After 6 days of stay in the intensive care unit, renal compromise is added with evolution of oliguric AKIN 3 acute kidney injury, requiring initiate renal replacement therapy so it is decided to place a temporary catheter to start therapy. Because the patient's requirement to remain in pronation position, it is decided to place a temporary double- lumen catheter in that position, after not having an ultrasound available, the use of anatomical reference is chosen. The challenges that doctors have faced over the last few months, due to the recent coronavirus, have required new protocols and procedures to which techniques and procedures have had to be adapted to obtain better results, and improve the health status of each of the patients. A review of this case was carried out to refer the importance of anatomical knowledge, that the nephrologist, in the interventional area, is of utmost importance for reducing complications and increasing the success rate in each of their procedures.
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SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus that can manifest clinically with pneumonia, neurologic, myocardial and renal involvement as well as with hematologic and multiple organ failure and death. We report the case of a male patient admitted to the ICU severe acute respiratory distress associated to SARS-CoV-2 infection who required mechanical ventilation with pronation and vasopressors. He developed acute kidney injury with reddish urine and serum levels of CK in 17,179 UI/ml consistent with SARS-CoV-2 associated rhabdomyolysis. The patient underwent hemodialysis with complete recovery and subsequent discharge from the ICU.
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BACKGROUND: In the pandemic scenario, critically ill COVID-19 patients' management presented an increased workload for Intensive Care Unit (ICU) nursing staff, particularly during pronation maneuvers, with high risk of complications. In this contest, some authors described an increase in complications incidence after pronation. An ICU Pronation Team (IPT) was implemented to support this maneuver. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis was conducted on consecutive critically ill COVID-19 patients in COVID-19 Center in southern Switzerland, between March and April 2020. Aim of the study was to determine rates and characteristics of pronation-related complications managed by IPT according to standard protocols. RESULTS: Forty-two patients undergoing mechanical ventilation (MV) were enrolled; 296 prone/supine positioning were performed, with 3.52 cycles/patient. All patients were equipped with arterial line, central venous catheter, urinary catheter, 28 (66%) endotracheal tube, 8 (19%), tracheostomy, 6 (14%) dialysis catheter, 3 (7%) abdominal drainage and 8 (19%) femoral thermodilution catheter; mean BMI was 28.3 kg/m2. One (0.3%) major complication was observed, while fourteen (33.3%) patients developed minor complications (pressure injuries). ICU length-of-stay and MV days correlated with both incidence (p = 0.029 and p = 0.015 respectively) and number (p = 0.001 and p = 0.001 respectively) of pressure sores (n = 27). Propensity matching score analysis did not show any protective factor of pronation regarding pressure injuries (p = 0.448). No other significant correlation was found. CONCLUSION: Multidisciplinary healthcare professional management can reduce most severe complication related to pronation in critical care setting. Rather than from pronation, the persistent high rate of minor complications appeared to be related to disease severity.
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BACKGROUND AND AIM: The war against Covid-19 is far from won. This narrative review attempts to describe some problems with the management of Covid-19 induced acute respiratory failure (ARF) by pulmonologists. METHODS: We searched the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and reviewed the references of retrieved articles for additional studies. The search was limited to the terms: Covid-19 AND: acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), SARS, MERS, non invasive ventilation (NIV), high flow nasal cannula (HFNC), pronation (PP), health care workers (HCW). RESULTS: Protection of Health care workers should be paramount, so full Personal Protective Equipment and Negative pressure rooms are warranted. HFNC alone or with PP could be offered for mild cases (PaO2/FiO2 between 200-300); NIV alone or with PP may work in moderate cases (PaO2/FiO2 between 100-200). Rotation and coupled (HFNC/NIV) strategy can be beneficial. A window of opportunity of 1-2h is advised. If PaO2/FIO2 significantly increases, Respiratory Rate decreases with a relatively low Exhaled Tidal Volume, the non-invasive strategy could be working and intubation delayed. CONCLUSION: Although there is a role for non-invasive respiratory therapies in the context of COVID-19 ARF, more research is still needed to define the balance of benefits and risks to patients and HCW. Indirectly, non invasive respiratory therapies may be of particular benefit in reducing the risks to healthcare workers by obviating the need for intubation, a potentially highly infectious procedure.